Tuesday, 24 April 2012

EFFECT OF RIFIT, RONSTAR AND MACHETE ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF BR28 PADDY GROWN IN BORO SEASON


Effect of Rifit, Ronstar and Machete on the growth ,yield and yield attributes of BR28 paddy grown in Boro season

A. B. ZIAUDDIN HOSSAIN AND M. A. RAHMAN1
Department of Botany. University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT
In the present investigation BR28 paddy was grown in  Boro seasons . Three herbicides: Rifit 500 EC,  Ronstar 25 EC and Machete 5G were applied in different doses and studied their effects on the control of  weeds and ultimate growth, yield and yield components of  Boro paddy. Eleven different treatments viz.: T1 (control, no herbicide was used), T2 (only hand weeding was done), T3 (Rifit normal dose), T4 (double the dose of T3), T5 (half of the dose of T3), T6 (Ronstar normal dose), T7 (double the dose of T6), T8 (half of the dose of T6), T9(normal dose of Machete), T10(double the dose of T9)  and T11(half  of the dose of T9) were used in the experiment. The number of tillers, length per tiller, length per panicle, area of flag leaves, number of filled grains, percentage of filled grains, straw and  grain yield per hector were found maximum at T3 where normal dose of Rifit 500 EC was applied.
Key words: Herbicide, weed, BR28,  yield Components, Boro season.
INTRODUCTION
                Weeds are abundantly found to grow in the rice field. They grow with the cultivated rice plant and cause injury to them. Weeds compete with rice plant for nutrient, water, light and air.
 

1. Professor , Department of Botany, University of Chittagong.
They prevent the crops from attaining complete development and giving a maximum yield. Weeds accumulate more N, P, K, Ca and Mg than the crops and thereby reducing yield, particularly when the availability of these elements in the soil is low (Vengris 1955, 1956). In rice field, the crops and weeds remain associated with each other from the very beginning of their life cycle (Sarker 1979). Loss due to weed infestation is quite high (Isley 1960) and can reduce yield up to 34% in case of transplanted aman rice (Datta 1981). In Bangladesh, weeds are traditionally controlled by hand weeding. This method of weed control is very much laborious, time consuming, inefficient and costly. On the other hand herbicides are used successfully for weed control in rice fields for rapid effect, easier to application and low cost involvement in comparison to the traditional methods of hand weeding (Mian and Mamun 1969).
Considering the above facts, in the present experiment three herbicides: Rifit 500EC, Ronstar 25EC and Machete 5G were applied in different doses in BR28 paddy field in Boro season and studied their effects on the control of weeds and yield and yield components of the paddy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The seeds of BR28 paddy were sown in the prepared seed bed of  3m × 1m × 15cm  in the Botanical Garden, University of Chittagong. Two hundred grams of seeds were evenly sown in prepared seed bed on 03 January 2005. Watering, weeding and other cultural practices were done in the seed bed as and when required. The field was prepared by ploughing and cross ploughing and leveled properly. After preparation, the field was divided into 33 plots  each  measuring 4m × 4m. There were eleven treatments each with three replications (block) where Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was maintained. Twenty four days old seedlings of BR28 were uprooted from  seed bed and were transplanted in the prepared field. Two healthy seedlings were transplanted per hill in all the experimental plots. Row to row and hill to hill distances were maintained as 20cm and 20cm respectively and there were 400 hills per plot. The fertilizers were used per plot following BRRI (1991):

Dose of fertilizers / plot
Time of application
110 g Urea
160 g TSP
168 g MP
As basal dose during last ploughing
110 g Urea
After 35 days of transplantation
(DAT) as top dressing.
110 g Urea
At booting stage as top dressing.







abziauddin@gmail.comThree herbicides: Rifit 500EC, Ronstar 25EC and Machete 5G were used in the present experiment 3 days after transplantation as per following schedule:
Treatments
Herbicides/weeding
Dose
T1
(Control)
No herbicide was used and no weeding
Not Applicable
T2
Only hand weeding was done.
Not Applicable
T3
Rifit 500EC
1.6ml/ 800ml water @ 1L/ ha
T4
Rifit 500EC
Double the dose of T3
T5
Rifit 500EC
Half of the dose of T3
T6
Ronstar 25EC
3.20ml / 800ml water @ 2 L / ha
T7
Ronstar 25EC
Double the dose of T6
T8
Ronstar 25EC
Half of the dose of T6
T9
Machete 5G
40gm / plot @ 25kg / ha
T10
Machete 5G
Double the dose of T9
T11
Machete 5G
Half of the dose of T9


                














All the herbicides were applied in the BR28 paddy field three days after transplantation as per the product monograph. The weeding was done at 45 (W1) and 75 (W2) days after transplantation and during harvest (W3) in all the treatments. In control plots the weeds were allowed to grow up to maturity and were collected during harvest.
The paddy was harvested after 117 days of sowing and the following data were recorded from randomly selected five hills of each treatment.
a. Number of tillers per hill. b. Length per tillers. c. Area of flag leaves. d. Length per panicle. e. Fresh weight of straw. f. Fresh weight of grain. g. Straw and grain yield. i. Number filled and unfilled grains per panicle (three panicles in each replication) and j. 1000-grains weight.
For chemical analysis 100 g of straw and grains were taken from each plot separately and  then dried and grinded for making powder. Dried powdered plant samples (straw and grains) were digested following modified Microkjeldahal method. Then Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) were determined  as described by Jackson (1973).   Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to show the significant differences among the treatments. The correlation studies were also done to obtain the relationship between two parameters following the techniques of Little and Hills (1977).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Different doses of Rifit500 EC, Ronstar 25 EC and Machete 5G were used in BR28 paddy field and studied their effects on  growth, yield and yield components in BR28 paddy. The results showed the number of tillers per hill increased highly significantly (p=0.01) in all the treatments from T1. The highest number of tillers per hill was found in T3 followed by T5, T10, T8, T2, T9, T7, T4; T11 and T6 (Table1).The length per tiller increased highly significantly (p=0.01)  in all the treatments from T1 except T6. The highest length per tiller was found in T3 followed by T8, T7, T10, T5, T9, T2, and T11 (Table 1). The increase of length of tiller of the present investigation due to the application of Rifit 500EC was found consistent with the findings of Awan et. al. (2001).The length per panicle increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1 and the highest length per panicle was found in T3 followed by T10, T8, T7, T9, T2, T6, T8, T11 and T4 (Table 1).The area of flag leaves increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1. The highest value was in T3 followed by T10, T8, T7, T9, T6, T5, T2, T11 and T4 (Table 1).The number of filled grains per panicle was found to be increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1.The highest number of filled grains was obtained in T3 followed by T10, T8, T5, T7, T9, T2, T11, T6 and T4. (Table 1).The number of unfilled grains per panicle was found significantly lower in all the treatments from T1 except T4. The lowest number of unfilled grains was found in T3 followed by T10, T8, T7, T9, T6, T5, T2 and T11. (Table 1).The total number of grains per panicle was increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1. The highest value was obtained in T3 followed by T10, T8, T5, T7, T2, T9, T11, T6 and T4 (Table 1).The ratio of filled and unfilled grains increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1. The highest ratio of filled and unfilled grains was found in T3 followed by T10, T8, T7, T9, T5, T6, T2, T11 and T4 (Table 1).The percentage of filled grains increased highly significantly in all treatments from T1.The highest value was in T3 followed by T10, T8, T7, T9, T5, T6, T2, T11 and T4 (Table 1).


Table 1. Effects of Rifit 500EC, Ronstar 25EC and Machete 5G on number of tillers/hill,               
               length/tiller, length/panicle, area of flag leaves, number of grains/panicle, ratio of filled
               and unfilled grains and % of filled grains of BR28 paddy grown in Boro season.

Treatments
Number of tillers/hill
Length/tiller (cm)
Length/panicle (cm)
Area of flag leaves
(cm 2)
Number of grains /panicle
Ratio of filled & unfilled grains*
% of filled grains*
Filled
(F)
Unfilled
(UF)
Total * (F+UF)
T1
8.00
73.52
16.30
17.16
78.64
14.99
93.63
5.25
83.99
T2
10.50
78.29
18.93
27.88
90.67
12.59
103.26
7.20
87.81
T3
12.27
80.95
21.48
30.16
106.15
8.30
114.45
12.79
92.75
T4
9.33
67.72
17.45
17.59
85.82
14.33
100.15
5.99
85.69
T5
11.25
78.81
18.78
28.00
92.65
12.43
105.08
7.45
88.17
T6
8.84
74.32
18.85
28.30
89.00
12.29
101.29
7.24
87.87
T7
9.33
79.33
19.80
29.39
92.00
11.33
103.33
8.12
89.04
T8
10.70
79.92
20.38
29.97
101.67
9.80
111.47
10.37
91.21
T9
10.34
78.49
19.39
29.09
91.72
11.50
103.22
7.98
88.86
T10
11.17
79.07
20.67
30.07
102.60
9.00
111.60
11.40
91.94
T11
9.25
75.80
18.24
27.82
89.42
13.42
102.84
6.66
86.95
LSD 0.05
0.55
0.68
0.5
0.06
0.44
0.52
0.75
0.02
0.02
LSD 0.01
0.79
0.96
0.71
0.08
0.63
0.73
1.07
0.03
0.03
* Calculated value.

The fresh weight of straw per plot increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1 except T2 and T4. The highest value was in T3 followed by T10, T8, T7, T6, T9, T5, and T11 (Table 2).The fresh weight of grains per plot was found to be increased  significantly in all the treatments from T1 except T4.The highest value was in T3 followed by T10, T8, T7, T9, T6, T5, T2, and T11 (Table 2).The total fresh weight of straw and grains per plot increased significantly in all treatments from T1. The highest value was found in T10 followed by T3, T8, T7, T9, T6, T5, T11, T12, and T4 (Table 2).The straw and grains ratio decreased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1 except at T4 where the ratio was found to be highest (Table2).The straw yield per hectare increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1 except T2 and T4. The highest yield was obtained in T3 followed by T10, T8, T7, T6, T9, T5, and T11 (Table2).The grain yield per hectare increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1 except T4 and the highest yield was found in T3 followed by T10, T8, T7, T9, T6, T5, T2, and T11 (Table2).The 1000-grain weight increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1 except T4. The highest 1000-grain weight was found in T8 followed by T10, T3, T7, T2, T9, T6, T11, and T6 (Table 2). Present findings corroborates with the findings of Chandler (1969) who also reported significant increases in the yield of rice through application of herbicide.Matsunaka (1970) also reported the significant increase in rice yield due to use of herbicides over hand weeding. Budhar et.al. (2002) observed significantly higher grain and straw yield over hand weeding by the use of three herbicides.




Table 2. Effects of Rifit 500 EC, Ronstar 25 EC and Machete 5G  on fresh weight of straw, fresh
               weight of grain, total fresh weight of straw & grain, straw and grain ratio, straw and
               grain yield and 1000- grain weight of BR28 paddy grown in Boro season.
Treatments
Fresh weight of straw & grains/plot.
Straw and grain ratio*( S/G)
Straw yield* (t/ha)
Grain yield* (t/ha)
1000-grain weight (g )
Straw (S)
 (Kg)
Grain (G)
(Kg)
Total  (S+G) kg
T1
8.78
4.52
13.30
1.94
5.49
2.83
20.05
T2
9.19
6.80
15.99
1.35
5.74
4.25
21.80
T3
13.13
8.50
21.63
1.54
8.20
5.31
22.08
T4
8.97
4.60
13.57
1.95
5.61
2.88
20.68
T5
11.30
6.86
18.16
1.65
7.06
4.29
20.82
T6
12.62
6.92
19.54
1.82
7.89
4.33
21.30
T7
12.90
7.48
20.38
1.72
8.06
4.68
21.98
T8
13.00
8.20
21.20
1.59
8.13
5.13
24.48
T9
12.35
7.20
19.55
1.72
7.72
4.50
21.51
T10
13.05
8.28
22.33
1.58
8.16
5.18
23.43
T11
10.90
6.63
17.53
1.64
6.81
4.14
21.28
LSD 0.05
0.63
0.13
0.02
0.02
0.40
0.08
0.54
LSD 0.01
0.89
0.18
0.03
0.03
0.56
0.11
0.76
* Calculated value.



The N concentration of straw increased highly significantly in all the treatment from T1. The highest value was obtained in T9 followed by T10, T2, T6, T11; T8, T3, T4, T5 and T7 (Table3).
The P concentration of straw increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1 except T4. The highest value was in T10 followed by T11, T8, T9; T2, T6, T7; T3 and T5 (Table 3).The K concentration of straw increased significantly in all the treatments from T1 except T2, T6 and T10. The highest value was in T7 followed by T5, T11, T3, T8 and T9 (Table 3).The total NPK concentrations of straw increased significantly in all the treatments from T1. The highest value was in T9 followed by T10, T11, T7, T4, T2, T6, T8, T5 and T3 (Table 3).In N: P:K of straw, N concentration was found to be maximum in T9. The P concentration of N:P:K was maximum at T10. The K concentration of N:P:K was found maximum in T4 (Table 3).The N concentration of grains increased highly significantly in all the treatments from T1 except T8.The highest value was in T3 and T2 followed by T4, T6, T11, T9, T5, T7 and T10 (Table 3).The P concentration of grains was found to be increased significantly in all the treatments from T1. except T4 and T9. The highest value was in T6 followed by T3, T10. T2, T5, T7, T9 T4, T8. The P concentration of grains was found to be decreased highly significantly in T11 from T1 (Table 3).The K concentration of grains was found to be increased highly significantly at the treatments of T2, T3, T9 and T10 from T1. The highest concentration was found in T3 followed by T2, T9 and T10. On the contrary, the K concentration of grains was found to be decreased highly significantly at the treatments of T7 and T11 from T1 (Table 3).The total NPK concentration of grains highly significantly increased in all the treatments from T1 except T8 and T11.The highest value was in T3 followed by T2, T6, T4, T10, T9, T5 and T7 (Table 3).In N:P:K of straw, N concentration was found to be maximum in T4. The P concentration of N:P:K was maximum in T7. The K concentration of N:P:K was found maximum in T1 (Table 3).




Table 3. Effects of Rifit 500 EC, Ronstar 25 EC and Machete 5G on N, P and K concentrations
               (g% of dry weight basis) of straw and grains of BR28 paddy grown in Boro season.
Treatment
Straw
Grain
N
P
K
Total NPK*
N: P: K*
N
P
K
Total NPK*
N: P: K*
T1
0.40
0.32
1.14
1.86
21.50: 17.20: 61.29
0.28
0.69
0.56
1.53
18.30: 45.09: 36.60
T2
0.70
0.44
1.16
2.30
3043: 19.13: 50.43
0.77
0.82
0.68
2.27
33.92: 36.12: 29.95
T3
0.49
0.43
1.22
2.14
22.89: 20.09: 57.01
0.77
0.84
0.72
2.33
33.05: 36.05: 30.90
T4
0.49
0.37
1.46
2.32
21.12: 15.95: 62.93
0.70
0.71
0.54
1.95
35.89: 36.41: 27.69
T5
0.49
0.38
1.35
2.22
22.07: 17.12: 60.81
0.40
0.81
0.54
1.75
22.86: 46.28: 30.86
T6
0.63
0.44
1.18
2.25
28: 19.55: 52.44
0.56
0.88
0.58
2.02
27.72: 43.56: 28.71
T7
0.49
0.44
1.46
2.39
20.50: 18.41: 61.09
0.36
0.79
0.45
1.6
22.5: 49.37: 28.12
T8
0.56
0.47
1.20
2.23
25.11: 21.08: 53.81
0.28
0.70
0.52
1.5
18.66: 46.67: 34.67
T9
0.85
0.47
1.20
2.52
33.73: 18.65: 47.62
0.42
0.72
0.62
1.76
23.86: 40.90: 35.23
T10
0.70
0.57
1.19
2.46
28.45: 23.17: 48.37
0.35
0.84
0.62
1.81
19.34:46.41: 34.25
T11
0.63
0.56
1.26
2.45
25.71: 22.86: 51.43
0.49
0.58
0.34
1.41
34.75: 41.13: 24.11
LSD 0.05
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.02

0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02

LSD 0.01
0.00
0.05
0.08
0.03

0.02
0.04
0.05
0.03

* Calculated value.
The response of different doses of Rifit 500EC, Ronstar 25EC and Machete 5G were not found similar on the growth, yield and yield components of  BR28 Boro paddy. The highly significantly increased growth, yield and yield components were found in T3 where normal dose of Rifit (1L/ ha) was applied. Ronster normal dose (2L/ ha) though decreased the weed population in Boro paddy but the yield and yield components were not found satisfactory. This may be due to the toxic effect of this herbicide in Boro paddy. On the other hand, Rifit normal dose gradually decreased the weed population in Boro paddy from W1 to W3 and ultimately produced the highest yield and yield components.
In Boro paddy, the total NPK concentration of straw was observed maximum in T9 when Machete 5G was used in normal dose (25kg / ha). The normal dose of this herbicide may help in better uptake of NPK nutrients from the soil. The NPK concentrations of grains were also found different due to the treatment of the herbicides. The total NPK concentrations of grain were found maximum in T3 when normal dose of Rifit was used.
From the above discussion it may be concluded that, action of three herbicides in BR28 paddy field was not found similar. The effect of herbicides differed with its nature and concentration in BR28 Boro paddy. Rifit at the rate of 1L/ha ( normal dose) was found effective to control the weed population and to  increase yield and yield components in the BR28 rice.
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